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FAS: We know it's preventable; can it also be reversible?

Drinking during pregnancy can seriously harm a baby’s brain, yet thousands of mothers-to-be still do it.
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WASHINGTON — Drinking during pregnancy can seriously harm a baby’s brain, yet thousands of mothers-to-be still do it.

Now scientists have begun testing whether a prenatal nutrient might offer those babies a little protection, part of a growing quest for ways to reverse the damage.

The only help today: intense behavioural or educational therapies once children with fetal alcohol-caused disabilities reach preschool or school age, says new research by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The agency is spending $1.5 million this year to start spreading those programs so more youngsters can find care.

Better would be discovering a way to short-circuit what scientists now know is a complex chain reaction of toxicity that even moderate drinking during pregnancy — and especially a binge — can trigger in a baby’s developing brain.

Don’t misunderstand: this is not a hunt for a pill to allow women to drink. Even if scientists eventually find a treatment, one medication could never cover all the ways that alcohol harms.

“There’s not going to be a single treatment that’s going to be a panacea,” cautions Dr. Jennifer Thomas of San Diego State University, whose animal research sparked interest in the nutrient choline, found in such foods as eggs and liver.

But “there’s heightened interest now since, despite our best efforts, we haven’t eliminated drinking in pregnancy and haven’t made a huge dent in it,” adds Dr. Christina Chambers of the University of California, San Diego.

Chambers is overseeing the first clinical trial — aiming to test 600 pregnant women in Ukraine — to see if prenatal choline might help.

About 12 per cent of U.S. women drink at least some during pregnancy and two per cent binge-drink. A CDC study last month concluded those numbers haven’t substantially changed since 1991.

With four million annual births in the country, that adds up. Full-blown fetal alcohol syndrome — a combination of brain, facial and growth abnormalities — is considered a leading preventable cause of mental retardation.

For every severe case of FAS, the CDC says at least three times as many have less severe alcohol-related neurodevelopmental problems, such as learning disabilities, speech delays lack of ability to think before acting or impulse control.

FAS is also one of the leading disorders requiring extra staffing in public schools, and strong contributor to adult addiction problems, with attendent crime and homelessness.

Chambers stresses that no one thinks the mom who has a glass of wine the week before learning she’s pregnant needs to worry.

But because doctors don’t yet know the safe limit, health officials say to abstain during pregnancy.

How much damage alcohol causes depends on how much the mother consumes, and at what point in gestation.

Nutrition plays a powerful role in proper development of the brain and nervous system. Getting enough folate during pregnancy, for example, can prevent spina bifida and related birth defects.

And significant alcohol consumption interferes with mom’s ability to absorb various nutrients, in turn affecting whether her fetus gets enough.

So Thomas’ group tested choline, a precursor to a brain chemical that plays a key role in learning.

She exposed pregnant rats to alcohol during a third-trimester spurt of brain growth.

Giving the mother rats extra choline — or, importantly, giving newborn pups the nutrient — significantly improved the pups’ later ability to learn.

On to humans: the study in Ukraine is recruiting women who acknowledge drinking while pregnant.

They’ll be counselled to stop and then randomly assigned to take either a standard Ukrainian vitamin supplement every day or that vitamin plus 750 milligrams of choline — more than the 450 mg pregnant women are advised to get from food.

About 120 women have been enrolled so far, and researchers expect preliminary results within a year.

“Whether you’ll be able to intervene when the woman’s drinking is highly questionable,” acknowledges Thomas, who says future work may need to examine newborn treatment.

One the Net: CDC website, for a description of proven approaches: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fas/intervening.htm